Analytical Sciences

A Highly Sensitive Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode with a Carboxylated Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes/Nafion Nano Composite for Voltammetric Sensing of Dianabol in Biological Fluid

Nouf M. ALOURFI,*1 Gharam I. MOHAMMED,*1,*2 Hossam M. NASSEF,*3,*4 Hassan ALWAEL,*1 Effat A. BAHAIDARAH,*1 Abdulaziz S. BASHAMMAKH,*1 Liyakat H. MUJAWAR,*5 and Mohammad S. EL-SHAHAWI*1,*4

*1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
*2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, P. O. Box 16722, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
*3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science at Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu 46423, Saudi Arabia
*4 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta 34517, Egypt
*5 Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

The extraordinary prerequisite for the analysis of an anabolic steroid, namely dianabol (DB), has inspired towards the development of a cost-effective and high-performance sensing probe. Thus, a simple and robust electrochemical sensor (c-MWCNTs-Nafion^®lGCE) for dianabol (DB), a widely used steroid, was developed using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with functionalized carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT) and Nafion^®. At pH 7 – 8, differential pulse–cathodic stripping voltammetry (DP-CSV) displayed two cathodic peaks at –0.85 and –1.35 V that varied linearly over a wide range (9.0 × 10⁻⁹ (2.7 μg L⁻¹) – 9.0 × 10⁻⁶ (2.7 × 10³ μg L⁻¹) mol L⁻¹) and 2.9 × 10⁻⁶ (8.7 × 10² μg L⁻¹) – 8.0 × 10⁻⁵ (2.4 × 10⁴ μg L⁻¹) mol L⁻¹) of DB concentrations, respectively. The low limits of detection and quantification at peak I (–0.85 V) were 2.7 × 10⁻⁹ (8.1 × 10⁻¹ ng mL⁻¹) and 9.0 × 10⁻⁹ (2.7 ng mL⁻¹) mol L⁻¹, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility displayed relative standard deviations lower than 5%. The method was applied for DB analysis in human urine and subsequently compared with the standard HPLC method. Interference of common metabolites in biological fluids samples to DB sensing was insignificant. This method has distinctive advantages e.g. precise, short analytical time, sensitive, economical, reproducible and miniaturized sample preparation for DB analysis in biological samples of human origin.

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